Free Essays on Roosevelt

After the Wall Street Crash in 1933 the American economy collapsed and fell into a state of depression. There were a number of problems in 1933 – all of which stemmed from the slump which followed the Wall Street Crash. Firstly, there was no confidence in the money system, or in the banks. In total 1500 banks had been closed and nine million men and women lost their savings because the banks had collapsed. Putting your money in an open bank would be almost like giving your money away because nobody knew when the next bank was going to close. The people in America needed immediate relief. A once strong and prosperous country had been reduced to a country living in poverty and grief. The Americans were not used to this type of life style and they were not prepared for it either. The Americans needed to be rescued from the depression and they needed it immediately. Also because of the depression, millions had lost their jobs and could not find work anywhere else. At this time, not only were the workers not doing too well; farmers were also being destroyed because the prices for products such as wheat and corn were far too low. It didn ´t even pay off for the farmers to shift the harvest from the fields because of the low prices. A solution was needed which would help both working men and farmers. Because of the disastrous consequences that the depression had, welfare schemes were needed as a backup which would prevent and ‘cushion ´ the effects of future depressions. In the early 1930s, America was in distress and needed urgent help. The person to help America out of the depression and on the way to becoming an economically strong and prosperous society was Franklin Delano Roosevelt. President Roosevelt tackled each of the problems through the first and second New Deals. The New Deals were a series of Acts and schemes which Roosevelt hoped would pull America out of the depression. Roosevelt decided to tackle the economic prob... Free Essays on Roosevelt Free Essays on Roosevelt Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the 32nd president of the United States. Roosevelt served longer than any other president. His unprecedented election to four terms in office will probably never be repeated; the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, passed after his death, denies the right of any person to be elected president more than twice. Roosevelt held office during two of the greatest crises ever faced by the United States: the Great Depression of the 1930s, followed by World War II. His domestic program, known as the New Deal, introduced far-reaching reforms within the free enterprise system and prepared the way for what is often called the welfare state. His leadership of the Democratic Party transformed it into a political vehicle for American liberalism. Both in peacetime and in war his impact on the office of president was enormous. Although there had been strong presidents before him, they were the exception. In Roosevelt’s 12 years in office stron g executive leadership became a basic part of United States government. He made the office of president the center of diplomatic initiative and the focus of domestic reform. Roosevelt was born at his family’s estate at Hyde Park, in Duchess County, New York. He was the only child of James Roosevelt and Sara Delano Roosevelt. James Roosevelt was a moderately successful businessman, with a variety of investments and a special interest in coal. He was also a conservative Democrat who was interested in politics. His home overlooking the Hudson River was comfortable without being ostentatious, and the family occupied a prominent position among the social elite of the area. Sara Delano, 26 years younger than her previously widowed husband, brought to the marriage a fortune considerably larger than that of James Roosevelt. The Delano family had prospered trading with China, and Sara herself had spent some time with her parents... Free Essays on Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt was born at Hyde Park in New York city on January 30 1882. He went on to become one of the greatest strategic and motivational presidents this nation has ever seen. Roosevelt had a great deal of accomplishment throughout his lifetime even through all the hardships he had to overcome. His father died while he was studying at Harvard. This came as a great disappointment to Roosevelt but he overcame it with his positive outlook on life and his will to push on. After his fathers death he continued his forge to become one of the greatest presidents ever, but he ran into other obstacles along the way. A few years later he was vacationing at the Campobello islands to get away when he was stricken with polio. He spent much of the next seven years trying to recover the use of his legs. With all the chaos in his life he was still known as a very humorous and outgoing person. Roosevelt first became interested in politics while he was working as a junior clerk in the law firm of Carter, Ledyard, and Milburn. He was elected to the New York state senate in 1910 this was the start of his political career. After getting a seat in the senate he decided to pursue his career in politics and president Woodrow Wilson appointed him assistant secretary of the navy. Roosevelt took much pride in this job, but he was devastated when he lost his seat in the senate to James W Gerard just a year later. After his defeated for a seat in the senate he stayed active in politics. He ran for vice president in 1920 with James N. Cox but Coolidge and Harding defeated them. After his defeated he still had a hunger for politics so he managed Smiths presidential campaign unsuccessfully. Even after anther defeat Roosevelt ran for governor of New York in 1928 he won but by only 50.3%. He remained governor for four years until he realized that the nation was falling apart due to the depression. He saw this as his chance to step up and he w... Free Essays on Roosevelt After the Wall Street Crash in 1933 the American economy collapsed and fell into a state of depression. There were a number of problems in 1933 – all of which stemmed from the slump which followed the Wall Street Crash. Firstly, there was no confidence in the money system, or in the banks. In total 1500 banks had been closed and nine million men and women lost their savings because the banks had collapsed. Putting your money in an open bank would be almost like giving your money away because nobody knew when the next bank was going to close. The people in America needed immediate relief. A once strong and prosperous country had been reduced to a country living in poverty and grief. The Americans were not used to this type of life style and they were not prepared for it either. The Americans needed to be rescued from the depression and they needed it immediately. Also because of the depression, millions had lost their jobs and could not find work anywhere else. At this time, not only were the workers not doing too well; farmers were also being destroyed because the prices for products such as wheat and corn were far too low. It didn ´t even pay off for the farmers to shift the harvest from the fields because of the low prices. A solution was needed which would help both working men and farmers. Because of the disastrous consequences that the depression had, welfare schemes were needed as a backup which would prevent and ‘cushion ´ the effects of future depressions. In the early 1930s, America was in distress and needed urgent help. The person to help America out of the depression and on the way to becoming an economically strong and prosperous society was Franklin Delano Roosevelt. President Roosevelt tackled each of the problems through the first and second New Deals. The New Deals were a series of Acts and schemes which Roosevelt hoped would pull America out of the depression. Roosevelt decided to tackle the economic prob... Free Essays on Roosevelt On September 28, 1948, Eleanor Roosevelt, former First Lady and delegate of the United Nations, delivered a speech entitled, â€Å"The Struggle for Human Rights.† This speech was delivered at the Sorbonne in Paris, France an audience of thousands of French citizens and delegates of the United Nations. â€Å"The Struggle for Human Rights,† dealt with the struggle toward universal acceptance of human rights from those states that were considered, by the United Nations and Roosevelt, non-compliant. Those non-complaint states consisted of, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia, Ukraine, Byelorussia, and other member states, who had refused to accept the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, thus denying every human being fundamental rights and freedoms. This declaration was written with the intent to unify all nations through common terms and principles surrounding the issues of human rights and freedoms. Roosevelt felt she must persuade those non-compliant countries to come to and un derstanding of the fundamental principles agrees upon by the United Nations through means of establishing unification with her democratic audience. As former First Lady and a United Nations delegate, Eleanor Roosevelt was widely known for her â€Å"unparalleled humanitarian convictions† (1998, par 6) and for being â€Å"the driving force behind the Universal Declaration of Human Rights† (www.udhr.org, 2998, p.4). Her numerous speeches, newspaper columns, and books, over the span of more than ten years, brought human rights to the front burner of the political scene. Her passion was in joining the nations of the world through working with the United Nations. Uniting all nations was the reason for giving her speech â€Å"The Struggle for Human Rights.† The final purpose of Roosevelt’s speech was to convince France to remain strong in their principles an keep faith in their unyielding, peaceful efforts in restoring human rights and freedoms. The purpose of this paper i...

Battle of the Basque Roads in the Napoleonic Wars

Battle of the Basque Roads in the Napoleonic Wars Battle of the Basque Roads - Conflict Dates: The Battle of the Basque Roads was fought April 11-13, 1809, during the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). Fleets Commanders British Admiral Lord James GambierCaptain Thomas Cochrane11 ships of the line, 7 frigates, 6 brigs, 2 bomb vessels French Vice Admiral Zacharie Allemand11 ships of the line, 4 frigates Battle of the Basque Roads - Background: In the wake of the Franco-Spanish defeat at Trafalgar in 1805, the remaining units of the French fleet were distributed among Brest, Lorient, and Basque Roads (La Rochelle/Rochefort). In these ports they were blockaded by the Royal Navy as the British sought to prevent them from getting to sea. On February 21, 1809, the ships of the Brest blockade were driven off station by a storm allowing Rear Admiral Jean-Baptiste Philibert Willaumez to escape with eight ships of the line. Though the Admiralty was initially concerned that Willaumez intended to cross the Atlantic, the French admiral instead turned south. Gathering up five ships that had slipped out of Lorient, Willaumez put into Basque Roads. Alerted to this development, the Admiralty dispatched Admiral Lord James Gambier, along with the bulk of the Channel Fleet, to the area. Establishing a strong blockade of Basque Roads, Gambier soon received orders ordering him to destroy the combined French fleet and directed him to consider using fire ships. A religious zealot who had spent much of the previous decade ashore, Gambier frowned on the use of fire ships stating them to be a horrible mode of warfare and un-Christian. Battle of the Basque Roads -Cochrane Arrives: Frustrated by Gambiers unwillingness to move forward with an attack on Basque Roads, the First Lord of the Admiralty, Lord Mulgrave, summoned Captain Lord Thomas Cochrane to London. Having recently returned to Britain, Cochrane had established a record of successful and daring operations as a frigate commander in the Mediterranean. Meeting with Cochrane, Mulgrave asked the young captain to lead a fire ship attack into Basque Roads. Though concerned that more senior commanders would resent his appointment to the post, Cochrane agreed and sailed south aboard HMS Imperieuse (38 guns). Arriving at Basque Roads, Cochrane was warmly greeted by Gambier but found that the other more senior captains in the squadron were angered by his selection. Across the water, the French situation had recently changed with Vice Admiral Zacharie Allemand taking command. Assessing the dispositions of his ships, he moved them into a stronger defensive position by ordering them to form two lines just south of the Isle dAix. Here they were protected to west by the Boyart Shoal, forcing any attack to come from the northwest. As added defense, he ordered a boom constructed to guard this approach. Scouting the French position in Imperieuse, Cochrane advocated for immediately converting several transports into explosion and fire ships. A personal invention of Cochranes, the former were essentially fire ships packed with around 1,500 barrels of gunpowder, shot, and grenades. Though work moved forward on three explosion ships, Cochrane was forced to wait until twenty fire ships arrived on April 10. Meeting with Gambier, he called for an immediate attack that night. This request was denied much to Cochranes ire (Map) Battle of the Basque Roads - Cochrane Strikes: Spotting the fire ships offshore, Allemand ordered his ships of the line to strike topmasts and sails to reduced the amount of exposed flammable material. He also ordered a line of frigates to take position between the fleet and the boom as well as deployed a large number of small boats to tow away approaching fire ships. Despite having lost the element of surprise, Cochrane received permission to attack that night. To support the attack, he approached the French anchorage with Imperieuse and the frigates HMS Unicorn (32), HMS Pallas (32), and HMS Aigle (36). After nightfall, Cochrane led the attack forward in the largest explosion ship. His plan called for the use of two explosion ships to create fear and disorganization which was to be followed by an attack using the twenty fire ships. Sailing forward with three volunteers, Cochranes explosion ship and its companion breached the boom. Setting the fuse, they departed. Though his explosion ship detonated early, it and its companion caused great consternation and confusion among the French. Opening fire on the spots where the explosions occurred, the French fleet sent broadside after broadside into their own frigates. Returning to Imperieuse, Cochrane found the fire ship attack in disarray. Of the twenty, only four reached the French anchorage and they inflicted little material damage. Unknown to Cochrane, the French believed all of the approaching fire ships to be explosion ships and frantically slipped their cables in an effort to escape. Working against a strong wind and tide with limited sails, all but two of the French fleet ended up running aground before dawn. Though initially incensed by the failure of the fire ship attack, Cochrane was elated when he saw the results at dawn. Battle of the Basque Roads - Failure to Complete the Victory: At 5:48 AM, Cochrane signaled Gambier that the bulk of the French fleet was disabled and that the Channel Fleet should approach to complete the victory. Though this signal was acknowledged, the fleet remained offshore. Repeated signals from Cochrane failed to bring Gambier to action. Aware that high tide was at 3:09 PM and that the French could refloat and escape, Cochrane sought to force Gambier to enter the fray. Slipping into Basque Roads with Imperieuse, Cochrane quickly became engaged with three grounded French ships of the line. Signaling Gambier at 1:45 PM that he was in need of assistance, Cochrane was relieved to see two ships of the line and seven frigates approaching from the Channel Fleet. On seeing the approaching British ships, Calcutta (54) immediately surrendered to Cochrane. As the other British ships came into action, Aquilon (74) and Ville de Varsovie (80) surrendered around 5:30 PM. With the battle raging, Tonnerre (74) was set afire by its crew and exploded. Several smaller French vessels were also burned. As night fell, those French ships that had been refloated retreated to the mouth of the River Charente. When dawn broke, Cochrane sought to renew the fight, but was incensed to see that Gambier was recalling the ships. Despite efforts to convince them to remain, they departed. Alone again, he was preparing Imperieuse for an attack on Allemands flagship Ocean (118) when a succession of letters from Gambier forced him to return to the fleet. Battle of the Basque Roads -Aftermath: The last major naval action of the Napoleonic Wars, the Battle of the Basque Roads saw the Royal Navy destroy four French ships of the line and a frigate. Returning to the fleet, Cochrane pressed Gambier to renew the battle but instead was ordered to depart for Britain with dispatches detailing the action. Arriving, Cochrane was hailed as a hero and knighted, but remained furious over the lost opportunity to annihilate the French. A Member of Parliament, Cochrane informed Lord Mulgrave that he would not vote for a motion of thanks for Gambier. This proved career suicide as he was prevented from returning to sea. As word moved through the press that Gambier had failed to do his utmost he sought a court-martial to clear his name. In a rigged result, where key evidence was withheld and charts altered, he was acquitted.

Read the article first, then answer the question Essay

Read the article first, then answer the question - Essay Example The exercise facilitates people to overcome their problems and look at the brighter side of the things, resulting in higher productivity at workplace. Human behavior is intrinsically linked to socio-psychological wellbeing of individuals which is reflected in their interaction with other within the defined social fabric or environment. Thus, understanding of human traits and their behavioral pattern greatly equips organizational leadership to ensure improved performance outcome at the workplace. Levinson (2002) believes that psycho-analytical tools help to understand the hidden dynamics of human relationships, especially within work environment that is mainly described by organizational culture, social defenses, motivation, leadership imperatives etc. Effective communication would help to promote understanding of conflicting issues and situations so that they can be resolved easily. Hence, organizational leadership must constantly promote greater communication amongst the workers and create environment for building constructive relationship based on mutual respect and understanding of cross cultural values. Sharma, S and Chatterjee, D. ‘Cos Are Keenly Listening to ‘Happiness Coach’’. Economic Times, 16 July, 2010. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-07-16/news/27574395_1_happiness-management-guru-spiritual-teacher 27 Jan.

Did Imperial Germany remain a 'disunited nation' until 1914 Essay

Did Imperial Germany remain a 'disunited nation' until 1914 - Essay Example Although imperial Germany was held together by the brilliant diplomatic policies of Bismarck, it is a fact that there was too much diversity and suspicion in Germany. The political and religious conflicts left Germany a disunited nation and created an environment of hatred and one-upmanship that resulted in isolation of many minorities such as German Jews and the Catholics.2 The causes of the disunited state of Germany lie with its very unification process. Although there did exist a common language in the region, the unity of Germany didn’t manifest itself before Napoleonic wars. The resentment towards French occupation made German speaking people realize the need for freedom.3 This could only be possible if German speaking states of Prussia and Austria came together and formed a separate country. There also occurred many other significant events which promoted feeling of unity among German people. The Prussian empire had achieved military success in three separate wars. Peop le were also influenced by the rise of French nationalism which followed the French revolution. A sense of unity cannot exist if the different societies or communities are not aware of each other’s existence. ... The development and spread of German literature identified the existence of Germany. The literary works of The Brothers Grimm and Karl Baedekar glorified the natural beauty and cultural heritage of various German states. There were many common grounds of which formation of a German state was an inevitable consequence. But there were many factors which dampened any sudden rise of nationalism. For long, the two German empires of Austria and Prussia had been involved in political and economic rivalry. A great deal of ‘threshold’ energy was required to break the current sequence of political pattern and motivate people to aspire for a single country. The remarkable leadership of Bismarck and his manipulation of events in 1866 and 1870 led to the creation of the imperial Germany.4 The initial years of the imperial Germany were marked by huge divisions at various levels. To begin with, there was stark contrast in the economic status of Germans. The rich class of Prussian landl ords and elites continued to exercise significant amount of influence over the political structure of the new empire.5The junkers, as they were called, were immensely powerful as the formation of the German empire occurred without any political upheaval or social revolution. Unlike other revolutions, there wasn’t any redistribution of land or restructuring of the political system. The diversity of a country cannot be counted as the only sign of disunity. There are many countries in the world which have class conflict but they stay together. Even the revolutions such as French revolution and Russian revolution don’t create a disunited country. The revolutions may increase or decrease the territorial size of a country but they hardly have an impact on the very concept of a

Is One Per Cent Inspiration, Ninety- Nine Per Cent Perspiration Essay Example for Free

Is One Per Cent Inspiration, Ninety- Nine Per Cent Perspiration Essay In our culture a lot of times people advise us to compare ourselves with others. You should be like your father, You can win; the others aren’t as good as you, You must be the best of your class, etc., and this is not always the best way of thinking. There are many reasons to change this way of thinking and begin to compare ourselves only with ourselves. This is the way it should be, and in this paper I will discuss some of the most important reasons for this. The first reason to avoid comparing yourself with others is that there will be always someone better than you. It doesn’t mater in which aspect, but it is always true. Therefore, you could feel  inferior to others and maybe without a real reason. For example, you can be an incredible architect and the best of your generation, and this can make you feel incredibly good, but if someday someone is better than you are, you could feel sad although you are still the same incredible architect that you were before. The second reason to elude this kind of comparison is that you will always find someone worse than you, but as opposed to the first reason, this can make you feel better than the others, and this feeling can turn into a horrible pride. For example, if you are the second best student of your class, and one day the very best student leaves the school, you will then be the best one although you are still only as good as you were before. These two first reasons leads us to a third one: If you want to be better than the others, you don’t need to improve yourself; you only have to make the others look bad. If I want to be the leader of the group, but you are the leader now, what I need to do is to make you look like a traitor or stupid and then I can take your place. Then I will be better than you. A fourth reason to stop comparing ourselves is that the one who compares him/herself with others is judging, and this doesn’t help us develop as human beings. Nobody knows the internal reality of the other; nobody knows his/her story and his/her most deep intentions, and when we judge it’s harder to accept the others. The last but most important reason to avoid comparing ourselves with others is that when we do, we can be tempted to copy them, to do the same things, and to act and think like them. The problem with this is that if we copy someone, we will never know who we really are and what we really want, and then we will never grow spiritually. For all these reasons and because we are unique, we should not compare ourselves with others, only with ourselves. The only comparison pattern that we really have is our consciousness. So, if we use this pattern we will not feel less or more than others; we will not try to make others look bad; we will not judge so much; and we will accept ourselves as we really are. In other words, we will live happier. â€Å"Genius is one per cent inspiration, ninety- nine per cent perspiration.† This famous saying by Thomas Alva Edison is very relevant in our present day context.It means that it is hard work that makes a person a  genius.Edison was of the view that geniuses are made, not born.I agree with his views.Not everyone in this world who has good luck is a genius.Usually we find that the people who work hard to achieve their goal are the ones who are successful.Many times while mentioning a person who is very successful we say†Oh!He is a genius. †But we don’t think about the amount of hard work they have put in to succeed in life. Most geniuses have made enormous efforts to equip themselves with special qualities. They all work extremely hard. Successful people also have the inspiration which drives them to work hard. They usually look up to someone for motivation.It may be their parents or some other person.It is the combination of both inspiration and hard which brings an individual success. The first example I would like to give is about Edison himself.Edison never completed his schooling in a proper school.His mother was a great influence on him and taught him at home. It was his mother who made him feel that hecould succeed in life. Therefore he started studying hard and invented many useul things like the bulb. Next we have Dr.APJ Abdul Kalam who was greatly influenced by his father. He worked very hard in life and became a space scientist at the ISRO and later became the president of india. Abraham lincoln was a political genius who worked hard and fought against slavery.He lost two times in the presidential elections but he did not give up. He persevered and then he won the elections.Lincoln strongly admired Henry Clay.

Shallow Romeo and Stupid Juliet :: Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet

Shallow Romeo and Stupid Juliet We just finished reading the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. In this play we are introduced to the tragic story of their forbidden "love" which ultimately leads to their deaths. Although Romeo and Juliet is considered to be a timeless love story, I find Romeo to be too immature for this to be so. When we are first introduced to Romeo, he is involved with a girl by the name of Rosaline. Benvolio inquired about Romeo's situation with her to see if she was the cause for his melancholiness, when he discovered she was, he advised him to forget her and move on to another girl. "Tut man, one fire burns out another's burning; One pain is lessened by another's anguish. Turn giddy, and be helped by backward turning. One desperate grief cures with another's languish. Take thou some new infection to thy eye, And the rank poison of the old will die." Romeo takes the advise Benvolio offered, and not another word about loving Rosaline is spoken. On the same day, Romeo, Benvolio, and Mercutio went to the Capulet's party dressed in masks so their identities wouldn't be known. At the party, Romeo saw a beautiful girl dancing with Paris and instantly fell in love with her. He asked a servingman what her name was but he didn't know. "O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night As rich jewel in an Ethiop's ear- Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear. So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows As yonder lady o'er her fellows shows. The measure done, I'll watch her place of stand And, touching hers, make blessed my rude hand. Did my heart love till now? Forsweare it, sight, For I ne'er saw true beauty till this night." I find this hard to believe that Romeo could instantly fall in love with Juliet by her looks alone. Even harder to believe, is that if he was

E-commerce in Developing Countries

Commerce is the exchange of goods and services for a consideration, commonly money. Thus e-commerce is exchange of goods and services facilitated electronically. For the purpose of this paper we will adopt the broad definition of e-commerce to mean any use of information and communications technology by a business that helps it improve its interactions with a customer or a supplier (Payne E. J 2003). E-commerce uses the internet, telephone and fax. This are all those that allow for business to be conducted in near real time conditions.In advanced countries, e-commerce has led to a boom in Business Processing Operations (B.P. O’s) and Call Centers. While the developing world is gearing itself to catch up to e-commerce, some countries have displayed outstanding achievements; India is worth mentioning in this context.Indeed India’s advancements in e-commerce even rival those in advanced countries, and in some cases, surpass them. Today, maybe as a consequence, India is eme rging as a technological superpower. One crucial benefit that developing countries are envisioning to gain from e-commerce is the expanded market for commodities and services while at the same time eradicating the role played by middle men in traditional distribution chains.For example, in Kenya the mobile phone has helped the farmer many kilometers from major markets access the current prevailing prices thus avoid exploitation by the middlemen. Developing countries are keen to replicate the achievements made by advanced countries together with India in e-commerce. This is with the view of reaping the economic gains that are obvious to all stake holders to date. However certain difficult decisions have to be made in the journey to establishing a vibrant e-commerce sector in these countries.Worth noting is that the infrastructure in the developing world is in dire need of a major upgrade. For example, the internet and the World Wide Web are absolutely vital for the realization of suc cessful e-commerce. The systems in place in majority of the developing world are both costly and far below the expected standards necessary for the implementation of near real time trade. These costly infrastructural improvements will bring about the following: ? Faster connection speeds to the internet to facilitate data transfer.? Clearer and superior voice and sound clarity to enable fulfillment of intra global trade involving conferencing and discussion over the World Wide Web. ? Extremely low operating costs together with higher output capacities which facilitate business profitability and sustainability. This paper is of the view that though e-commerce has high set up costs, major organizational adjustments and infrastructural considerations, developing countries stand to gain massive economic benefits offered by a successful harnessing of the e-commerce sector. Main TextModes of E-commerce There are different modes of e-commerce – Phone, Fax and Internet. Phone e-comme rce happens where the provider of the goods or service communicates with the buyer through a phone. Phones come in various application modes such as satellite phone, mobile phone, telephone etc. Fax e-commerce is where communication between the buyer and seller is done over the fax. Its advantages are in the speed of transactions, the reach available and the lower cost implication compared to face to face conversation or other traditional modes.The Internet and the World Wide Web are the latest major additions to e-commerce and they have brought remarkable solutions in voice and data communications that were erstwhile unimagined. For example, the concept of a twenty four hour mobile office where goods and services are available to all and sundry on the globe in the comfort of ones residence is still strange in many business people in the developing world. Arguments against E-commerce in developing countries. There has been much of the debate on e-commerce especially regarding the ro le played by the internet and the World Wide Web.The major issues raised are listed below: ? Infrastructural cost. ? Change of mindsets to embrace the new forms of technological advancement. The present infrastructure needs major adjustments to enable it support e-commerce. Firstly, energy costs in developing countries are among the highest in the world. Per unit charge in consumption of electricity in the developing countries need to be brought down to levels comparable to those in advanced nations. For this to happen, the systems for power generation need to be upgraded to the latest technologies which tout higher efficiency at extremely low operating and maintenance costs.In addition to this, it has become almost general knowledge that much of the populations in the developing countries do not have access to electricity in the homes. The situation is grave since electricity supply can only be guaranteed in urban centers only, while the majority of the people live in rural areas. Secondly, the technology that supports internet and World Wide Web connections is inferior to those employed in advanced countries. This inferiority is in terms of its weak performance characteristics whereby it is slow and expensive in terms of data exchange, and cannot support a consistent voice dialog over the internet.This is issues can only be rectified with the introduction of the technology available abroad that includes installation of fiber optic cable connection, and inexpensive commercial satellite uplink among other technologies geared towards cutting down the cost of communication while improving performance. Other considerations take the nature and form of those that Pare D. J. (2002) brings to light. The cost of doing business will include, but not confined to network security and regulatory environment.Where as the business in a developed country would comfortably produce goods or services in the standards of the environment it operates in, it is forced to adopt stan dards of the buyer (receiver of the goods and services) who happens to be based in a more advanced country. Problems therefore emerge such as how to remit payments in a secure way, how to confirm that the items selected for purchase are as those displayed over the World Wide Web and other security oriented fears. ARGUMENT FOR E-COMMERCE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.Developing countries are faced with surging unemployment levels that cause discontent and saps development gains by straining resources and amenities. These economies have long held the notion that by expanding the sectors in there economy, they will be able to have more participation of its people in viable income generating activities. E-commerce is touted as one such sector that, as evidenced by the Indian success, millions of people can be absorbed in this sector which has positive trickle down effects and sound complementarities with other existing sectors in the economy.In addition, a positive labour diffusion process wi ll arise were by now-skilled laborers from developing countries migrate to advanced countries to get jobs that promise higher wages. It has been found that these nationals are responsible for shipping large amounts of foreign currency back home to assist there relatives. This foreign income is enables these countries to improve there balance of payments, hence accelerating development. A case in point is the dynamic tertiary sector in India that is spurred by the computer technology industry.India has remarkable strength in software development, which employs a large number of Indian technocrats. In fact, India produces such a large number of skilled personnel that major multi national firms in IT set up base in India. The dynamics here are that the large number of skilled labor concentrated in one area pushes down wages as competition for employment thrives. Due to these dynamics, India has at its disposal an abundance of relatively less expensive and highly learned work force.Ther e is, as a consequence, a high population of Asians of Indian origin fulfilling duties in the IT sectors of major world powers, including the United States of America and Great Britain. This export of human labor accounts for a significant amount of foreign currency transfer back home. I agree with (Humphrey J. et. al) when he argues that e-commerce will create a new culture. By embracing the way the world wants things done, developed countries will by extension be taking the initiative in creating home grown solutions to global problems, thus providing unique solutions that are customized to suit local contexts.This will create anew breed of workers unique to the developing countries. It is thus clear that where as e-commerce will be pretty expensive to embrace in the short term. In the long run however, the benefits accruing easily outweigh the costs. By embracing e-commerce the developing countries will be killing two birds with the same stone; generating economic growth and expa nsion by providing the necessary infrastructure and creating a new economy and culture for the learned in the country.Added to this is the bonus of providing a bigger market for its entrepreneurs, and a break away from the well known reliance that developing countries’ economies have in there primary and secondary sectors. THE KENYAN CASE In Kenya, the pioneer company in e-commerce is Kencall Ltd. Its basic vision is to lead the way in outsourcing business [Kencall. com]. Being the first major outsourcing company in Kenya, it was faced with a myriad of problems. Some of these problems are listed below: ? Lack of a pool of experienced labor force as is the case in India and South Africa.? Attempting to change local mindsets with its new concept, largely unknown in that part of the world. Where as BPO was already been taken to developing countries namely India and South Africa this was still a very strange idea in Kenya. ? Expensive telecommunication infrastructures, coupled wi th slow reforms in the Kenyan communications sector to enable it adjust to global developments. There was need for fast internet uplink to allow for real time transfer of data and voice to the clients. This particular problem was not easy to overcome.With the gateway controlled by the government and operating on obsolete technology with a knack for breaking down. It was another eighteen months before Internet gateways were liberalized and the company could now get good speeds courtesy of dedicated satellite uplinks. ? Under performance of the Kenyan economy coupled with a less than friendly relationship atmosphere that existed between Kenya and its development partners. Although this situation was improving, the pace was slow as the government pledged top implement much needed reforms in government.These altogether impacts negatively on investments and industry expansion. ? An unstable political climate in Kenya that was characterized by an over politicized climate. This has the eff ect of shifting concentration from economic growth and development issues to politics. With the implementation of certain reform pledges that led to restored confidence between Kenya and its development partners, there came a turn around in the Kenyan economy. It started to grow. The industry specific results were a marked expansion in investment, higher employment and an increase in per capita incomes.In addition there was a wider pool of returning graduates from developed countries who knew what BPO was all about. They came with much needed know how and information on the role of e-commerce in development. These included the directors of Kencall Ltd, in particular Mr. Nick Nesbitt [Kencall. com]. His contribution to the Kenyan economy has led him to be recognized by the government in through an honorary award bestowed to him by the president of the republic. With the realization by the government that in e-commerce lay a ‘goldmine’ [kencall.com], they sought to exploi t it by first laying a fiber optic cable all around Nairobi. By connecting to this the speeds were greatly enhanced although the costs still remain high. To reduce cost the government sought to lay an underground fiber optic cable. With partnership of Southern African countries they wanted to have the cable running from Cape Town to Somali. Politics has put this noble idea in the back burner. The Kenyan government on its part has chosen to go it alone, as it recognizes the importance of e-commerce. Plans are already at an advance stage to have a cable between Mombasa and Fujaira in Oman.In anticipation of this, a fibre optic cable has already been laid between Nairobi and Mombasa with the rest of the nation in the pipeline. All this has lead to a proliferation of BPO providers. Skyweb and Pacis have already joined into the fray. Smaller firms are doing the same but on a small scale. On Wed 11th July, Skyweb launched into the market a solution that allows a firm offer BPO on the stre ngth of only 5 computers. Expect in the next year to be a growth in this area. Safaricom, the biggest mobile phone operator has thrown a challenge to BPO providers.To show they can handle around 100,000 calls a day while maintaining quality and they will be given the account. This is a challenge to be taken seriously if e-commerce is to grow to match if not pass the pioneers like India and China. Due to the time difference, while other one part of the world sleeping the other is in the middle of a trading day, while another is waking up. There is need for a 24 hr approach to e-commerce in order to take advantage of all situations arising. Kencall has overcome this by operating on 8hr shifts for 24 hrs. This has been made possible by the good security provided by the government.Kencall Ltd [Daily Nation (2007)] has grown from an initial work force of 20 members to the present over 300 staff. The have also had to move location to a more spacious building where growth is possible. The amount of work handled ahs also grown six fold. This has led to Kenya been recognized as an upcoming force in e-commerce. By extension businesses in Developed countries feel comfortable when dealing with Kencall since they have the capacity to deliver. With the technological strides, Kencall can with a degree of certainty claim to be in a position to guarantee the integrity of its business partner’s information.In addition, Ken call has with itself the unique opportunity of spinning itself into and e-hub provider. With its wealth of experience, it can mitigate high turnover by providing training to would be e-commerce players. This way it will eliminate the need for people to seek employment only for them to quit after six to twelve months once they are trained and have an understanding of e-commerce and by extension BPO. CONCLUSION: Pare D. J 2003 is of the opinion that the mere bringing of total strangers together in an online environment will not necessarily reduce overall transactional cost to achieve long-term economic gains.This paper has tried to disprove this by clearly showing that the opposite is true. By improvement of the working environment, the long term economic gain is clear for any to see. The fibre optic link currently being enjoyed by all not only Kencall Ltd. More effective security is but one of the major achievements being enjoyed by Kenyans. On their part Kencall Ltd is reaping the fruits of persistence. They are defining the parameters in e-commerce simply because they have been longer in the game on the Kenyan context.Any new entrant will have to start form a point of disadvantage as compared to Kencall at present. With the present business environment where businesses are looking to outsource labour intensive operations, Kencall stands at an advantage. In addition, with all the people trained by Kencall, Kenya is at an advantageous position to exploit new business in e-commerce. The completion of the fibre optic link will great ly enhance this. Not only will the cost of doing business come down, it will also enable Kenya position itself as the regional hub of e-commerce.The reference point to all who desire to enter into this business – this will be all who know what is geed for them. The local producers now have the whole world open to them. The floriculture industry is a good example of successful exploitation of e-commerce in sourcing markets. It has taken only a decade for Kenya to command a healthy 30% of cut flowers sold in the world. This growth and success can be replicated in other areas. For example the floriculture industry is faced with rapid expansion problems and it is investing in technology from Israel and other countries leading in floriculture to fulfill this needs.Kenya can turn the big swaths of land on the northern part of Kenya to be great producers of horticulture as the global demand in Kenyan cut flowers increases, albeit stimulated by the easy access to market information f acilitated by e-commerce. Hence a concerted effort involving both the citizens and the government is needed to enhance awareness and accelerate infrastructure provision to enhance the benefits of e-commerce in providing remarkable industry specific economic solutions. As Annan K. rightly put it, e-commerce is the most visible example to how ICT can contribute to economic growth.By improving trading efficiency and helping developing countries integrate into the world economy. Allowing entrepreneurs to compete more create more jobs and by extension create more wealth. REFERENCE: Payne, Judith E. [2003]. E-Commerce readiness for SME’s in developing Countries: A guide for development professionals. Pare, Daniel J. [2003]. Does this site deliver? B2B E-Commerce services for developing countries: Humphrey, J. Mansell, R. Pare, and D Schmitz, H. [2003] . The reality of E-Commerce in developing countries: Does e-commerce provide developing country businesses with easy access to globa l markets?Annan, K [2003]. UNCTAD Secretariat, E -Commerce and Development Report 2003, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, United Nations, New York and Geneva. (In Forward). Okuttah. M. Outsourcing: The latent goldmine: http://www. kencall. com/goldmine. htm OTHER SOURCES http://www1. worldbank. org/devoutreach/spring00/article. asp? id=79 E-commerce for Developing Countries: Expectations and Reality, Volume 35, Number 1, 1 January 2004 , pp. 31-39(9) http://learnlink. aed. org/Publications/Concept_Papers/ecommerce_readiness. pdf